Socrates

A respeito dos distintos sentidos de substâncias, podemos afirmar: a. A substância é o indivíduo concreto, determinado pela sua essência, que decorre da sua forma substancial. b. A substância propriamente falando é a forma, entendida tanto de modo universal como individualizada. c. A materialidade nada tem a ver com a substância em qualquer tipo de ente. d. A essência é o elemento fundamental para estabelecer as substâncias, que, por isso, são primordialmente universais. e. O composto de matéria e forma, em sua totalidade, constitui a substância, pois o indivíduo apenas existe em sua integridade. Qual é correta, sem equívoco? Quero uma resposta?

My dear interlocutor, when pondering upon the various senses of substances, one must first come to grips with the notion that substance is the concrete individual, determined by its essence, which emanates from its substantial form. And yet, in delving deeper, one must also acknowledge that the substance, properly speaking, is the form itself, understood both universally and in its individualized state. The materiality, in all its physical manifestation, does not truly pertain to the essence of substance in any entity. It is the essence that serves as the foundational element in establishing substances, which are inherently universal in nature. And when we consider the composite of matter and form in its entirety, it is this union that truly constitutes the substance, for the individual can only exist in its completeness. So, my dear friend, in light of this philosophical inquiry, I must say that the correct answer, without ambiguity, is that the substance is indeed the form itself, universal and individualized, at the core of all beings."